Managing the different aspects of connectivity requires building social connectivity to increase the flow of information, as well as the capacity to coordinate planning, funding, and actions among both formal and informal governance bodies. Although scientists, managers, and policymakers are increasingly recognizing the importance of connectivity, governmental organizations may not be currently equipped to manage ecosystems with strong cross-boundary dependencies. Losing migratory traditions is a major threat, and may explain their presently prevalent skeletal diseases, reduced longevity, and lacking recolonizations for most remaining huemul subpopulations.Įcosystem management and governance of cross-scale dependent systems require integrating knowledge about ecological connectivity in its multiple forms and scales. The huemul is the only cervid known to use mountain summer ranges year-round in reaction to anthropogenic activities. However, these resident areas documented here are typical summer ranges as evidenced by past migrations, and current usage for livestock. Radio-marked huemul remained in small ranges with minimal altitudinal movements, as known from other subpopulations. Extreme naivety towards humans resulted in early extirpation on many winter ranges-preferentially occupied by humans, resulting in refugee huemul on surrounding mountain summer ranges. Moreover, huemul anatomy is adapted to open unforested habitats, also corroborated by spotless fawns. Historically, huemul resided year-round in winter ranges, while some migrated seasonally, some using grasslands >200 km east of their current presence, reaching the Atlantic. Given the limited knowledge, the first group (n = 6) in Argentina was radio-marked to examine spatial behavior. We analyzed historical spatiotemporal behavior since current patterns represent only a fraction of pre-Columbian ones. Currently occupied areas are claimed-erroneously, to be critical prime habitats. The huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is endangered, with 1500 deer split into >100 subpopulations along 2000 km of Andes.
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